Oral maxillofacial surgeons and Orthodontists' perceptions about anterior inferior crowding and indications of mandibular third molar extraction.

BACKGROUND: There are still many doubts about anterior inferior crowding and indications of mandibular third molar extraction, although it is very studied subject in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of oral maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) and orthodontists about anterior inferior crowding and indications of mandibular third molar extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A web-based survey was developed and sent to professionals in order to collect their opinion about the fact that third lower molars cause crowding and questions about the indication of third molars for orthodontic treatment. Descriptive analysis was performed and Chi-square or G tests were applied with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The study included a total of 218 participants, of whom 115 were OMFSs and 103 were orthodontists. The results showed that 56.5% of OMFSs and 35.0% of orthodontists believe that the lower third molars cause anterior inferior crowding (p<0.001). A total of 91.3% of OMFSs and 70.9% of orthodontists indicate the extraction of lower third molars to aid orthodontic treatment (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that in being an oral maxillofacial surgeon, a higher odds ratio is observed to consider that lower third molars cause dental crowding compared to those who are orthodontist. The indication of exodontia of lower third molars for orthodontic treatment was more frequent among OMFSs when compared to orthodontists.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) referrals in paediatric patients: A 24-month retrospective study in two radiological centers in Campinas, Brazil.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the CBCT referrals in paediatric patients over a 24-month period. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in two radiological centers in Campinas, Brazil. Patients were divided into three age groups: G1: age under 10 years, G2: age between 10 and 12 years, and G3: age over 12 years. The following data were collected: patients' age and sex, localisation, reasons for referral and dental specialty responsible for the request of CBCT exams. RESULTS: Data from 367 patients were assessed. CBCT was used more frequently in the Group 3 (58.9%). There was significant association between the region of the exam and age group (P < 0.05), with a higher percentage of exams in the maxilla for the age over 12 years (35.6%) than that of up to 10 years (50.9%) and between 10 and 12 years (51.1%). Alterations were observed in 79.3% of the exams and 47.4% showed impacted teeth with significant association with the increase in age group (P < 0.05). Of the total number of exams, (55.3%) were requested in Orthodontics followed by Oral Surgery (30.0%) and Paediatric Dentistry (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that CBCT exams were indicated frequently for the age over 12 years. The presence of impacted teeth represented the main reason for referrals and Orthodontics was the dental specialty that indicated CBCT with higher frequency.

Evaluating pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress using children's drawings in paediatric dentistry: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to answer the question: Can children's drawings represent a helping tool so the dentist can better understand the children's pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress and their perception concerning the dentist and/or dental treatment? METHODS: A scoping review was done. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Grey literature was searched. Cross-sectional, quasi-experimental and qualitative studies in which patients were children and adolescents were included. Two authors independently selected studies to extract data and evaluate methodological quality by using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Data collected included: characteristics of the studies, drawing evaluation/scales, main results and conclusion. RESULTS: Out of 1037 papers were identified in search, 25 studies verified the emotional state and the children's perceptions regarding dental environment and the dentist and were included in the narrative synthesis. The spontaneous drawings were useful to identify the children's emotions. Drawings might be considered a helping tool to identify children and adolescents' perception in relation to dental treatment. Few studies used validated instruments. There were methodological disparities among studies. CONCLUSIONS: The drawings can be considered a useful tool in identifying children's pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress and perceptions about the dentist and/or dental treatment. Future studies with standardized analysis of the drawings are recommended. Code https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U5BJH . "Retrospectively registered".

Molar-incisor hypomineralization: parent's and children's impact perceptions on the oral health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the perception of parents and children and the impact of molar and incisor hypomineralization (MIH) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a group of 253 children aged 6-12 years presenting MIH and their parents or guardians who initially answered an interview containing socioeconomic and demographic questions as well as the Parental-Caregiver's Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). The children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) and Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) and the clinical evaluation of MIH was performed. Poisson regression with robust variance was used in the data analysis. RESULTS: The parent's perception showed that the impact felt by the children regarding caries leads to a higher oral symptom impact, functional limitation, emotional well-being and total PCPQ score domains, as well. For children with severe MIH, a higher prevalence of impact was felt regarding the functional limitation and emotional well-being. For CPQ8-10, the oral symptoms domain presented the highest mean score, while CPQ11-14 showed the functional limitations domain and P-CPQ the emotional well-being domain. CONCLUSION: Considering the perception of parents or guardians, it was concluded that MIH promotes a negative impact on the OHRQoL. MIH had no significant impact on OHRQoL according to children's perceptions.

Gender identity in patients with 5-alpha reductase deficiency raised as females.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: 5-Alpha reductase type 2 deficiency (5-ARD) is a rare disorder of sex development. The lack of 5-alpha reductase, an enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, results in external genitalia that may appear female, or predominantly male, albeit undervirilized, or, more often, ambiguous. METHODS: This study describes a series of patients with 5-ARD raised as female, focusing on aspects related to gender identity. Following a retrospective chart review, patients with 5-ARD were invited to return to the clinic to enable their gender identity to be assessed using an 11-item structured in-house questionnaire. The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction was applied to patients who had initiated their sexual life. RESULTS: Six patients aged >15 years with 5-ARD and raised as female were included. Most patients were diagnosed late: two before and four after puberty. The mean length of the phallus was 2.8 cm (0.5-5.0). Reasons for seeing a doctor included genital appearance (n = 3), amenorrhea/absence of breast development (n = 2), and changes in gender role attitudes (n = 1). According to the gender identity assessment, 4 patients identified as female, 1 as male, and 1 as both genders. Only the patient identified as male requested gender re-assignment. Of the two patients who had initiated their sexual life, sexual satisfaction was found to be good in one and poor in the other due to vaginal discomfort during intercourse. CONCLUSION: In the present series, the majority of undervirilized patients with a diagnosis of 5-ARD raised as female were in complete conformation with being female and described themselves as heterosexual. The more virilized patients were those least in conformity with their female-assigned gender.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Yellow Fever Virus, 2017, Brazil.

At the end of 2016, Brazil experienced an unprecedented yellow fever (YF) outbreak. Clinical, molecular and ecological aspects of human and non-human primate (NHP) samples collected at the beginning of the outbreak are described in this study. Spatial distribution analyses demonstrated a strong overlap between human and NHP cases. Through molecular analyses, we showed that the outbreak had a sylvatic origin, caused by the South American genotype 1 YFV, which has already been shown to circulate in Brazil. As expected, the clusters of cases were identified in regions with a low vaccination coverage. Our findings highlight the importance of the synchronization of animal surveillance and health services to identify emerging YF cases, thereby promoting a better response to the vulnerable population.

Evaluation of knowledge of students in paediatric dentistry concerning cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in children.

AIM: The study evaluated the theoretical knowledge and practical ability of students in paediatric dentistry concerning basic life support (BLS) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in children and babies. METHODS: Seventy paediatric dentistry students answered a questionnaire and also performed a simulation of the manoeuvres of BLS and CPR on baby and child manikins. RESULTS: The results showed that 41 (58%) students had never received BLS training. When questioned about the correct ratio of compression and ventilation during CPR, most students answered incorrectly. For the CPR of babies in the presence of a first responder only 19 (27.1%) answered correctly (30 × 2), and for babies with two rescuers, 23 (32.8%) answered correctly (15 × 2); in relation to the correct rhythm of chest compressions, 38 (54.4%) answered incorrectly; when asked if they felt prepared to deal with a medical emergency in their dental surgeries, only 12 (17.1%) stated "yes". In the practice evaluation, 51 (73%) students who had been assessed in CPR manoeuvres for children and 55 (78%) in the manoeuvres for babies scored inadequately. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated students did not have adequate knowledge about CPR in children and babies.

Exigências de energia de borregas mestiças alimentadas com níveis crescentes de concentrado na dieta / Energy requirements of crossbreed ewe lambs fed with increasing dietary levels of concentrate

Objetivou-se estimar as exigências energéticas de borregas mestiças confinadas, alimentadas com níveis crescentes de concentrado na dieta. Foram avaliadas 36 borregas, com peso corporal inicial de 23,7±3,67kg. Seis animais foram abatidos no início do experimento para obtenção dos valores do grupo referência. Os demais (30 animais) foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos: mantença (alimentação restrita com feno de capim Tifton) e suplementados com níveis crescentes de concentrado (20, 40, 60 e 80%) em base de matéria seca (seis animais por tratamento). As borregas foram abatidas quando atingiram 37,70±9,89kg. Os níveis de concentrado influenciaram a eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (km) e consequentemente as exigências diárias de energia metabolizável para mantença. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença de borregas mestiças em crescimento é 57 kcal/PCJ0,75/dia, em que PCJ é o peso corporal em jejum. As borregas com 20kg apresentaram exigência de energia líquida para 100g de ganho de peso diário de 465kcal/dia. As borregas com 40kg de peso corporal exigiram 930kcal/dia de energia líquida para o mesmo ganho. A exigência líquida para mantença de borregas pode ser estimada pela equação: ELm (Mcal/dia) = 0,057* PCJ0,75. A exigência líquida de energia para ganho de borregas mestiças (Mcal/dia) pode ser estimada a partir da equação: ELg = 0,524 x PVJ0,75 x GPCVZ1,21, em que GPCVZ é o ganho de peso do corpo vazio. As dietas influenciam as eficiências de usos da energia metabolizável para mantença (km) e ganho (kg).(AU)

The aim of this study was to estimate the energy requirements of crossbreed ewe lambs in a feedlot fed with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. 36 ewe lambs were evaluated with initial body weight of 23.7±3.67kg. Six animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to obtain the reference group values. Animals (30) were distributed in five treatments: maintenance (feed restricted with Tifton grass hay) and those supplemented with increasing dietary levels of concentrate (20, 40, 60 and 80%) on a dry matter basis (six animals per treatment). The ewe lambs were slaughtered when they reached 37.70±9.89kg. The concentrate levels influenced the utilization efficiency of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) and consequently the daily requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance. The net energy requirements for maintenance of crossbred lambs in growth is 57kcal/FCW 0.75/day, where FCW is body weight on fasting. The ewe lambs with 20kg presented net energy requirement for 100g daily weight gain of 465kcal/day. The ewe lambs with 40kg of body weight required 930 kcal/day of net energy for the same gain. The net energy requirement for maintenance of ewe lambs can be estimated by the equation: NEm (Mcal/day) = 0.057 * FCW0.75. The net energy requirement for crossbred ewe lambs gain (Mcal/day) can be estimated from the equation: NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.524*FCW 0.75*GEBW1.21, where GEBW represented gain empty body weight. Diets affect the efficiencies of uses of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) and gain (kg).(AU)

Macro- and microstructural descriptions of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver.

The liver is an essential metabolically active organ, responsible for many vital life functions such as metabolism, synthesis, and storage. This study describes the macroscopic and microscopic zebrafish liver and its temporal changes during a period of 13 weeks. Forty-six adult zebrafish were used (46), of which 27 were females and were 19 males. Seven fish were euthanized initially for macroscopic evaluation and 3 fish were euthanized weekly for 13 weeks for microscopic evaluation. Routine histological technique was performed; the slides were stained with haematoxylin/eosin and periodic acid-Schiff. The volumetric (Vv(h)) and numerical (Nv(h)) densities of hepatocytes and vacuolation intensity were determined weekly. The liver was located in the coelomic cavity ventrally to the swim bladder, slightly brownish and divided into 3 hepatic lobes. Microscopically, it consisted of hepatocytes forming a muralium duplex around the sinusoids. The staining of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes was more eosinophilic and more basophilic in males and females, respectively. There was no formation of portal triads and phagocytic cells. The gallbladder had transitional epithelium, and the bile ducts had simple cuboidal epithelium. The volume and numerical density of hepatocytes during the 13 weeks was not statistically different, but these parameters displayed a positive correlation. The vacuolation was due to the presence of glycogen. The zebrafish liver has macro and micro structural particular features while, quantitatively, the volume and number of hepatocytes showed great capacity to respond to the physiological needs of the animal at the time.

Atividade antifúngica e possível mecanismo de ação do óleo essencial de folhas de Ocimum gratissimum (Linn. ) sobre espécies de Candida / Antifungal activity and potential action mechanisms of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (Linn. ) leaves against Candida species

RESUMO A espécie Ocimum gratissimum (Linn.), popularmente conhecida como alfavaca-cravo, é muito utilizada na medicina popular. A planta apresenta inúmeros compostos, sendo o eugenol o constituinte majoritário do seu óleo essencial e o provável responsável pela sua atividade antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o potencial antifúngico e o possível mecanismo de ação do óleo essencial extraído das folhas de O. gratissimum L. (OEOg) sobre cepas-padrão de Candida. Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), o efeito do tempo de exposição, o efeito modulador na atividade de antifúngicos (ATF) de uso clínico e a ação do OEOg nas fases de crescimento exponencial e estacionário de leveduras do gênero Candida. O mecanismo de ação do OEOg foi verificado por captação do cristal violeta e avaliação da morfologia microbiana pela técnica de microcultivo. Também foi avaliada a toxicidade do OEOg sobre hemácias humanas. O OEOg apresentou boa atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de Candida, sendo capaz de reduzir a taxa de crescimento das cepas de Candida a partir de quatro horas de exposição, além de ter modulado positivamente a atividade do cetoconazol para C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 e reduzir o número de células viáveis em todas as fases de crescimento microbiano. O OEOg foi capaz de promover o aumento discreto da captação do cristal violeta e provocou alterações na micromorfologia das células de Candida spp., sugerindo que seu alvo de ação seja o envoltório celular. Observou-se baixa toxicidade do OEOg sobre hemácias humanas. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o OEOg possui boa atividade sobre o gênero Candida, com mecanismo de ação mediado possivelmente pela ocorrência de danos no envoltório celular, além de ter sido observada baixa toxicidade, indicando do OEOg é promissor no desenvolvimento e elaboração de um novo fármaco com potencial atividade para o tratamento de doenças fúngicas.

ABSTRACT Ocimum gratissimum (Linn.) is a medicinal plant popularly known as “wild basil” widely used in traditional medicine. The plant has numerous compounds, and eugenol is the major constituent of its essential oil and likely responsible for its antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity and the potential mechanism of action of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of O. gratissimum L. (OEOg) against standard strains of Candida. The following experiments were performed: determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), determination of the effect of exposure time to OEOg; evaluation of the modulating effect of OEOg in antifungal (ATF) activity for clinical use; determination of the effects of the OEOg on different growth phases of Candida spp; determination of crystal violet (CV) uptake and the microculture of yeast technique. OEOg showed good antifungal activity against Candida, being able to reduce microbial growth during 24 hours of contact and also the number of viable cells at all stages of growth. OE positively modulates the activity of ketoconazole for C. tropicalis ATCC 13803. Increased uptake of CV and also the inhibition of Candidavirulence factors were also observed, which indicates the occurrence of damage in the cell envelope. These findings, coupled with the low toxicity of OEOg on human erythrocytes, indicate that “wild basil” is a promising plant for the development of a new drug with a potential activity to treat fungal diseases.

Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: a blind randomised-controlled trial.

To evaluate the effect of adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to exercises for chronic pain, dysfunction and quality of life in subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Participants were selected based on the RDC/TMD criteria and assessed for pain intensity, pressure pain threshold over temporomandibular joint and cervical muscles and quality of life. After initial assessment, all individuals underwent a 4-week protocol of exercises and manual therapy, together with active or sham primary motor cortex tDCS. Stimulation was delivered through sponge electrodes, with 2 mA amplitude, for 20 min daily, over the first 5 days of the trial. A total of 32 subjects (mean age 24.7 ± 6.8 years) participated in the evaluations and treatment protocol. Mean pain intensity pre-treatment was 5.5 ± 1.4 for active tDCS group, and 6.3 ± 1.2 for sham tDCS. Both groups showed a decrease in pain intensity scores during the trial period (time factor--F(4.5,137.5) = 28.7, P < 0.001; group factor--F(1.0,30.0 = 7.7), P < 0.05). However, there were no differences between the groups regarding change in pain intensity (time*group interaction--F(4.5,137.5) = 1.5, P = 0.137). This result remained the same after 5 months (t-test t = 0.29, P > 0.05). Pressure pain thresholds decrease and improvement in quality of life were also noticeable in both groups, but again without significant differences between them. Absolute benefit increase was 37.5% (CI 95%: -15.9% to 90.9%), and number needed to treat was 2.66. This study suggests that there is no additional benefit in adding tDCS to exercises for the treatment of chronic TMD in young adults.

Evidence of pulpotomy in primary teeth comparing MTA, calcium hydroxide, ferric sulphate, and electrosurgery with formocresol.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence of pulpotomy in primary teeth comparing mineral troxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide, ferric sulphate, and electrosurgery with formocresol. METHODS: A systematic search using key words was conducted using seven databases up to December 10, 2013. Clinical articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were selected, which were in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the research objective of comparing whether pulpotomy performed with formocresol in primary teeth is more effective than other medicaments or techniques. RESULTS: Out of the 12,515 publication initially identified, 30 clinical articles were included in the systematic review and analysed by four meta-analyses. The success rate of MTA (94.6 %) was higher than that of formocresol (87.4 %), with a statistically significant difference (OR = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.25-0.62). Formocresol pulpotomy success was not statistically different from ferric sulphate or electrosurgery. CONCLUSION: MTA was clinically and radiographically superior to formocresol for pulpotomy of primary teeth. The other alternatives to formocresol such as electrosurgery and ferric sulphate can be used instead of formocresol since they showed success similar to formocresol. In addition, there is no evidence to support calcium hydroxide for pulpotomies in primary teeth.

Genetic control of the number of leaves above the ear in maize.

In this study, we examined the genetic control of the number of leaves above the first ear in maize. The F2 generations and the backcrosses were obtained from 2 contrasting lines for this trait. All generations were assessed in a completely randomized block design with 2 replications. The number of leaves above the ear was counted when the plants were in the tasseling stage at the level of plants per plot. Mean and variance components were estimated using the weighted least square method. We observed a predominance of non-additive effects in the genetic control of number of leaves above the ear. These results indicate that this trait shows high heritability.

Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus.

Alpha2-adrenergic, gabaergic or opioidergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated the effects of single or combined blockade of opioidergic and gabaergic receptors in the LPBN on the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenoceptor activation in the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats (n=5-9/group) with cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were treated with the diuretic furosemide (10 mg/kg b wt.) combined with low dose of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (5 mg/kg b wt.) subcutaneously. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (alpha2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol) into the LPBN increased furosemide+captopril-induced 0.3M NaCl intake (25.8±1.4, vs. vehicle: 3.8±1.1 ml/60 min). The opioidergic receptor antagonist naloxone (100 nmol) or the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (5 nmol) injected into the LPBN partially reduced the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake produced by LPBN moxonidine (11.8±4.0 and 22.8±4.5, respectively, vs. vehicle+moxonidine: 31.6±4.0 ml/60 min, respectively). Similar to the treatment with each antagonist alone, the combined injections of naloxone (100 nmol) and bicuculline (5 nmol) into the LPBN also partially reduced moxonidine effects on 0.3M NaCl intake (15.5±6.5 ml/60 min). The GABAB receptor antagonist saclofen (5 nmol) injected into the LPBN did not change the effects of moxonidine on 0.3M NaCl intake (24.3±7.8 ml/120 min). These results suggest that the increase of 0.3M NaCl intake by α2-adrenergic receptor activation in the LPBN is partially dependent on GABAA and opioid receptor activation in this area.

Predictors of body appearance cognitive distraction during sexual activity in a sample of men with ED.

Our aim is to scrutinize the extent to which aspects of body dissatisfaction and relationship variables predict body appearance cognitive distraction during sexual activity (BACDSA) in a sample of men diagnosed with ED. A total of 65 heterosexual Portuguese participants with ED completed a survey that included questions on socio-demographic data as well as body-related and relationship measures. We used the Global Body Dissatisfaction (GBD) Subscale of the Body Attitudes Test; a version of the Contour Drawing Rating Scale; a single item on partner's opinion perceived about one's body appearance; the Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction; and the Inclusion of Other in Self Scale. Open questions assessed focus on specific body parts during sexual activity and relationship length. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that only GBD was a significant predictor of BACDSA, contrary to the relationship measures that showed no significant predictive effect (R(2) =0.47). Our results support the important role of individual factors on explanatory models of sexual dysfunctions, suggesting that interventions addressing individual factors that affect BACDSA may be of preference.

Quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics of feedlot ewes subjected to increasing levels of concentrate in the diet / Características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça de borregas confinadas submetidas a níveis crescentes de concentrado na dieta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of concentrate on the quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics of feedlot ewes. Twenty-four crossbred ewes were randomly distributed in four treatments: (1) diet with 20%; (2) 40%; (3) 60%; and (4) 80% of concentrate. Animals were slaughtered when those receiving the diet with 80% of concentrate reached adult weight, at around 50kg LW. The data were analyzed by means of variance and regression analyses and correlations. The levels of concentrate increased live weight at slaughter linearly. Height at the withers and rump presented medium to high correlation (0.86). The correlation of loin eye area measured on the carcass and by ultrasound examination was 0.81, whereas for back fat thickness it was 0.85. The increase in the use of concentrate in the diets promotes heavier carcasses with better yields and fat cover. Some measures obtained in vivo presented high correlation with those measured on the carcass. The use of ultrasound can be a way to predict the in vivo loin eye area. The use of concentrate improves the meat quality in variables' color and appearance...

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes de concentrado sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas de carcaça de borregas confinadas. Vinte e quatro borregas mestiças foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: (1) dieta com 20%; (2) 40%; (3) 60% e (4) 80% de concentrado. Os animais foram abatidos quando os que recebiam a dieta 80% de concentrado atingiram o peso adulto, ao redor de 50kg PV. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância e regressão e de correlações. Os níveis de concentrado aumentaram linearmente o peso vivo ao abate. A altura de cernelha e de garupa apresentaram correlação média a alta (0,86). A correlação da área de olho de lombo medida na carcaça e por meio de ultrassom apresentou valor de 0,81, enquanto a espessura de gordura subcutânea foi de 0,85. O aumento do uso de concentrado nas dietas proporciona carcaças pesadas e com melhores rendimentos e acabamentos. Algumas medidas feitas in vivo apresentaram alta correlação com as medidas na carcaça. O uso do ultrassom pode ser utilizado como forma de predição da área de olho de lombo in vivo. O uso do concentrado melhora a qualidade da carne nos parâmetros de cor e aparência...

Chemoreflex control of the cardiovascular system remains altered after recovery from low protein diet early in life.

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular component of the arterial chemoreflex in rats recovered from low protein diet. Male Fischer rats were randomly divided into control and recovered (R-PR) groups after weaning. R-PR rats were fed with low protein diet for 35days and recovered under normal protein diet for 70days. Control rats received normal protein diet for 105days. Arterial chemoreflex was elicited by intravenous injection of KCN. Results showed that pressor response of the chemoreflex was increased in R-PR. Data suggest that protein restriction may alter cardiovascular response to chemical activation of the chemoreflex after recovery.

Accuracy assessment of the axial images obtained from cone beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate accuracy of linear measurements assessed from axial tomograms and the influence of the use of different protocols in two cone beam CT (CBCT) units. METHODS: A cylinder object consisting of Nylon® (Day Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil) with radiopaque markers was radiographically examined applying different protocols from NewTom 3G(TM) (Quantitative Radiology s.r.l, Verona, Veneto, Italy) and i-CAT(TM) (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) units. Horizontal (A-B) and vertical (C-D) distances were assessed from axial tomograms and measured using a digital calliper that provided the gold standard for actual values. RESULTS: There were differences when considering acquisition protocols to each CBCT unit. Concerning all analysed protocols from i-CAT(TM) and Newtom 3G(TM), both A-B and C-D distances presented underestimated values. Measurements of the axial images obtained from NewTom 3G(TM) (6 inch 0.16 mm and 9 inch 0.25 mm) were similar to the ones obtained from i-CAT(TM) (13 cm 20 s 0.3 mm, 13 cm 20 s 0.4 mm and 13 cm 40 s 0.25 mm). CONCLUSION: The use of different protocols from CBCT machines influences linear measurements assessed from axial images. Linear distances were underestimated in both equipments. Our findings suggest that the best protocol for the i-CAT(TM) is 13 cm 20 s 0.3 mm and for the NewTom 3G(TM), the use of 6 inch or 9 inch is recommended.

Baclofen into the lateral parabrachial nucleus induces hypertonic sodium chloride and sucrose intake in rats.

GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors are present in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), a pontine area involved with inhibitory mechanisms related to the control of sodium appetite. Activation of GABA(A) receptors in the LPBN induces strong ingestion of 0.3 M sodium chloride (NaCl) in normonatremic and euhydrated rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, injected alone or combined with GABA(A) or GABA(B) receptor antagonists into the LPBN on 0.3 M NaCl, water, 0.06 M sucrose and food intake in normonatremic and euhydrated rats. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were used. In normonatremic and euhydrated rats, bilateral injections of baclofen (0.5 nmol/0.2 µl) into the LPBN induced 0.3 M NaCl (24.0±3.1 vs. saline: 2.0±0.8 ml/240 min) and water intake (10.6±1.4 vs. saline: 3.5±0.7 ml/240 min) in a two-bottle test. Injections of GABA(B) receptor antagonists CGP 35348 (50 nmol/0.2 µl) or 2-hydroxysaclofen (5 nmol/0.2 µl) or GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (1.6 nmol/0.2 µl) into the LPBN reduced 0.3 M NaCl (14.1±4.7 ml/240 min; 9.97±2.5 ml/210 min; 8.8±5.9 ml/240 min, respectively) and water intake induced by baclofen injected into the LPBN. Baclofen (0.5 nmol/0.2 µl) injected into the LPBN also induced 0.06 M sucrose intake (21.8±5.9 vs. saline: 5.0±2.6 ml/180 min). Urinary volume and sodium excretion had a tendency to decrease after baclofen injection into the LPBN, whereas arterial pressure and food intake were not affected. The results show that baclofen injected into the LPBN, in normonatremic and euhydrated rats, produces a natriorexigenic effect dependent on GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor activation. The natriorexigenic effect is not secondary to alterations in blood pressure or sodium urinary excretion. In addition, baclofen injected into the LPBN also induces 0.06 M sucrose intake.

Salt fluoridation: a meta-analysis of its efficacy for caries prevention.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the caries preventive effect of Salt fluoridation (SF) in the permanent dentition in children. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO COMPARE: (1) the caries preventive effects of SF versus no exposure in different age cohorts (6-8; 9-12; and 13-15 years old); (2) SF versus other community based interventions (milk or water fluoridation [WF]). METHODS: 9 English and 2 non-English databases were searched for papers that reported on the caries preventive effect of groups (with controls) that were exposed to SF in the form of mean DMFT scores with standard deviations. Differences in exposed and nonexposed groups were computed on the basis of weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: For 6-8 year olds, the pooled reduction in DMFT scores was -0.98 [95% CI: -1.68 to -0.29]; for 9-12 year olds, it was -2.13 [95% CI: -2.55 to -1.70] and for the 13-15 year old groups, -4.22 [95% CI: -6.84 to -1.55]. All the analyses favoured the SF groups (p <0.001). For SF versus WF, there was no difference (-0.11 reduction [95% CI: -0.29 to +0.07]). CONCLUSION: Within limitations, the pooled estimates of the WMDs for the different age cohorts favoured SF versus no exposure.